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ASIO驅(qū)動(dòng)詳細(xì)介紹
ASIO的全稱(chēng)是Audio Stream Input Output，直接翻譯過(guò)來(lái)就是音頻流輸入輸出接口的意思。通常這是專(zhuān)業(yè)聲卡或高檔音頻工作站才會(huì)具備的性能。采用ASIO技術(shù)可以減少系統(tǒng)對(duì)音頻流信號(hào)的延遲，增強(qiáng)聲卡硬件的處理能力。同樣一塊聲卡，假設(shè)使用MME驅(qū)動(dòng)[1]時(shí)的延遲時(shí)間為750毫秒，那么當(dāng)換成ASIO驅(qū)動(dòng)后延遲量就有可能會(huì)降低到40毫秒以下。
理解ASIO的含義
也許你仍無(wú)法認(rèn)識(shí)到解決音頻延遲的具體意義，那么，我們姑且換一個(gè)角度來(lái)看問(wèn)題：許多朋友都試過(guò)用計(jì)算機(jī)與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)音通話(huà)，就連著名的聊天工具OICQ都有此功能。其實(shí)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的語(yǔ)音通訊跟電信部門(mén)提供的IP電話(huà)是同樣機(jī)理，只不過(guò)由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶寬的限制而使得前者的聲音延遲現(xiàn)象遠(yuǎn)比后者嚴(yán)重得多。當(dāng)話(huà)音的延遲在一定的范圍內(nèi)時(shí)，人們會(huì)覺(jué)得尚可接受；但如果延遲量實(shí)在太大（比如說(shuō)每說(shuō)一句話(huà)都要等到5秒以上），那么大家就會(huì)覺(jué)得這是無(wú)法忍受的了。
誰(shuí)會(huì)需要ASIO
普聲卡在播放音頻流的時(shí)候是有延遲的，盡管一般用戶(hù)都不易察覺(jué)到它的存在。畢竟，對(duì)于播放影碟和雙聲道的MP3音樂(lè)以及玩游戲來(lái)說(shuō)，幾百毫秒的聲音延遲對(duì)應(yīng)用的影響根本是微乎其微的，完全可以被忽略不計(jì)。但是，對(duì)于專(zhuān)業(yè)的錄音師和音樂(lè)制作人來(lái)說(shuō)，這幾百毫秒延遲所帶來(lái)的后果就好比我們普通用戶(hù)要面對(duì)響應(yīng)極慢的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)IP電話(huà)那樣，同樣是不能容忍。試想，當(dāng)按下一個(gè)琴鍵時(shí)，要經(jīng)過(guò)0.6以上的時(shí)間才能夠聽(tīng)到聲響，恐怕任何演奏者都很難發(fā)揮其正常的水平，更無(wú)法控制音樂(lè)表演的情緒；錄音師進(jìn)行后期制作的過(guò)程中，需要給不同的音頻信號(hào)做相應(yīng)的實(shí)時(shí)效果處理，并對(duì)分軌錄制的多通道音頻流進(jìn)行混音，以得到最終的雙聲道立體聲或是5.1聲道的環(huán)繞聲格式。在對(duì)多個(gè)聲部的音頻進(jìn)行縮混時(shí)，如果聲音有延遲且延遲時(shí)間各不相等，那么多個(gè)聲道之間的信號(hào)同步就會(huì)成為大問(wèn)題，錄音師就會(huì)因此而無(wú)法對(duì)混音的結(jié)果進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確判斷。為此，他們十分迫切需要一種能夠讓音頻設(shè)備實(shí)現(xiàn)“零延遲”的技術(shù)，這個(gè)技術(shù)就是Steinberg定義的ASIO。
ASIO的本質(zhì)
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)“音頻設(shè)備零延遲”的理想，著名的音樂(lè)制作軟件Cubase VST的開(kāi)發(fā)者Steinberg公司提出了被稱(chēng)為Audio Stream Input Output的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范，其目的是為了讓各硬件廠(chǎng)商開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)的設(shè)備能夠很好地與Steinberg的音頻處理軟件Cubase VST相結(jié)合，以使其在數(shù)字音頻處理和軟件音源模擬方面發(fā)揮出最佳的性能水平。ASIO完全擺脫了Windows操作系統(tǒng)對(duì)硬件的集中控制，它能實(shí)現(xiàn)在音頻處理軟件與硬件之間進(jìn)行多通道傳輸?shù)耐瑫r(shí)，將系統(tǒng)對(duì)音頻流的響應(yīng)時(shí)間降至最短。根據(jù)ASIO規(guī)范中定義的細(xì)節(jié)，聲卡廠(chǎng)商可以為其硬件產(chǎn)品編寫(xiě)出高效能的ASIO驅(qū)動(dòng)程序，使用聲卡硬件對(duì)音頻流的響應(yīng)時(shí)間降低到十幾毫秒以?xún)?nèi)。要知道，即便是對(duì)于那些極其苛刻的專(zhuān)業(yè)音樂(lè)制作人，這樣低的延遲量也是根本無(wú)法察覺(jué)到的。
ASIO與DirectSound
ASIO的目的在于最大程度地降低系統(tǒng)播放音頻流時(shí)的延遲時(shí)間。也許有讀者會(huì)因此聯(lián)想到DirectSound——不錯(cuò)，ASIO跟DirectSound的確十分相似，二者都是以設(shè)法繞過(guò)Windows操作系統(tǒng)對(duì)硬件設(shè)備的控制、直接與硬件端口取得通訊的思路來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)提高響應(yīng)速度的目的。不過(guò)，ASIO的******性要比DirectSound更徹底一些：如果把DirectSound比喻成用高級(jí)語(yǔ)言實(shí)現(xiàn)的程序，那么ASIO就是用匯編代碼構(gòu)成的程序——不僅結(jié)構(gòu)更為緊湊，效率也大為提高。更何況，ASIO不僅是驅(qū)動(dòng)上的******，還需要硬件芯片的支持。在驅(qū)動(dòng)與硬件的緊密結(jié)合下，ASIO將延遲降至極低的程度是必然的事情。
不過(guò)，如果你的聲卡僅支持ASIO而不支持DirectSound，那么就無(wú)法用Windows任務(wù)條上的小喇叭來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)音量控制，而運(yùn)行最常用的一些娛樂(lè)軟件，諸如超級(jí)解霸和WinAmp等的時(shí)候，也無(wú)法通過(guò)播放器界面中的音量推子來(lái)控制聲音的大小。
某些聲卡可以同時(shí)支持MME、DirectSound、ASIO、GSIF[2]等多種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并通過(guò)軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)不同兼容方式之間的切換。對(duì)于那些需要兼顧專(zhuān)業(yè)創(chuàng)作和日常應(yīng)用的朋友而言，這樣的聲卡無(wú)疑是十分方便的。
哪些聲卡支持ASIO
并非所有的聲卡都能夠支持ASIO。如前所述。ASIO不僅定義驅(qū)動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，還必須要求聲卡主芯片的硬件支持才能夠得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。在過(guò)去，只有那些價(jià)格高貴的專(zhuān)業(yè)聲卡，在設(shè)計(jì)中才會(huì)考慮到對(duì)ASIO的支持。我們?nèi)粘Ｋ玫穆暱ǎ▌?chuàng)新過(guò)去的SB Live!系列都屬于民用卡的范疇，所以沒(méi)有哪一款是配備了ASIO驅(qū)動(dòng)的。
有趣的是，SB Live!的主芯片EMU10K1本身支持ASIO，只是這一性能并未在創(chuàng)新自帶的LiveWare! 3.0驅(qū)動(dòng)中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。因此，當(dāng)你將SB Live!的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序換成采用同樣規(guī)格設(shè)計(jì)的E_mu APS錄音卡的驅(qū)動(dòng)后，音頻處理軟件就會(huì)報(bào)告說(shuō)找到ASIO！
另一個(gè)比較有意思的例子是采用CMI8738芯片的各種多通道聲卡。CMI8738本身也是具備ASIO的潛質(zhì)，只不過(guò)至今還沒(méi)有合適的驅(qū)動(dòng)將其發(fā)揮出來(lái)。
首款公開(kāi)聲稱(chēng)徹底支持ASIO技術(shù)的民用聲卡是創(chuàng)新最新推出的SoundBlaster Audigy。這款SB Live!的換代產(chǎn)品不僅提供了高達(dá)24bit / 96 kHz的聲音品質(zhì)，而且還全面支持ASIO、SB 1394等最新的先進(jìn)技術(shù)。SB Audigy的面市，使得民用聲卡跟專(zhuān)業(yè)聲卡之間的距離又縮小了一層。
如何判斷與應(yīng)用ASIO
在音頻處理軟件的菜單欄中找到“Setup Preferences Audio”或是“Setup Audio Hardware”，在Device下拉選單中會(huì)列出當(dāng)前可用的音頻設(shè)備。如果聲卡不支持ASIO，那么下拉選單中就就只會(huì)顯示出ASIO Multimedia Driver一項(xiàng)，這實(shí)際上是MME驅(qū)動(dòng)對(duì)ASIO的軟模擬；如果聲卡使用的是ASIO驅(qū)動(dòng)，那么在此下拉選單中還會(huì)有另外一項(xiàng)，例如MAYA ASIO Driver或SB Audigy ASIO。
將軟件的音頻輸出設(shè)置為ASIO設(shè)備后，播放多軌音頻、使用實(shí)時(shí)效果器以及使用VSTi軟音源時(shí)就會(huì)得到近乎完美的效果。不過(guò)，要想真正達(dá)到“零延遲”（指延遲時(shí)間在10ms以下），還須對(duì)ASIO設(shè)備的緩沖區(qū)進(jìn)行設(shè)置。
單擊音頻屬性設(shè)置中的Control Panel打開(kāi)ASIO控制對(duì)話(huà)框，單擊Advance按鈕進(jìn)入高級(jí)設(shè)置。這里最重要的參數(shù)是Buffer Size，也就是音頻緩沖區(qū)的大小。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，緩沖區(qū)設(shè)置得大一些，可以增加系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性，緩解因數(shù)據(jù)傳輸或處理過(guò)程中的速度差異而導(dǎo)致的爆音現(xiàn)象；而把緩沖區(qū)設(shè)置得小一寫(xiě)，則會(huì)提升系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng)時(shí)間，減少音頻延遲?？傊?，緩沖區(qū)的大小設(shè)置，需要根據(jù)你所用電腦的CPU和內(nèi)存等硬件的性能而定。
設(shè)置好音頻緩沖區(qū)后，音頻軟件會(huì)提示說(shuō)環(huán)境設(shè)置已改變，要求進(jìn)行測(cè)試以保證將來(lái)的工作正常。測(cè)試的主要內(nèi)容是檢查數(shù)據(jù)包是否會(huì)有丟失，整個(gè)過(guò)程大概需要數(shù)十秒至1分鐘左右。當(dāng)看到如下圖所示的成功信息后，你就可以在音頻處理軟件中充分享受到“零延遲”所帶來(lái)的種種樂(lè)趣了！
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