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樂理基礎(chǔ)-調(diào)式講解
什么是調(diào)式呢，就是眾多的的音，有一個(gè)是主音，其它的根據(jù)這個(gè)主音按一定音程關(guān)系，排列起來，這樣一個(gè)體系叫做調(diào)式。
調(diào)式的種類繁多，不僅僅是構(gòu)成調(diào)式的音的關(guān)系不同，連數(shù)目也有區(qū)別，下面我們簡單的介紹一下，世界各國遍用的大調(diào)式、小調(diào)式和我國的中國調(diào)式。
第一節(jié) 大調(diào)式
大調(diào)式的簡稱叫做“大調(diào)”，也可以稱呼“大音階”。大調(diào)是由七個(gè)音構(gòu)成的，它的主音與第三級音之間的關(guān)系是大三度關(guān)系，它的穩(wěn)定音構(gòu)成一個(gè)大三和弦，這就是大調(diào)式，大調(diào)式的色彩是明朗的和輝煌的，很開。這就是大調(diào)式的特征。
大調(diào)式一共有三種，自然大調(diào)，和聲大調(diào)和旋律大調(diào)。下面我們看一下最常用的自然大調(diào)。自然大調(diào)是由七個(gè)音來構(gòu)成的，它的音程關(guān)系是全音--全音--半音----全音--全音--全音--半音這樣七個(gè)自然音階，這樣的音程關(guān)系也是由兩組相同的四聲音階結(jié)合而構(gòu)成的，然后中間用一個(gè)大二度分開。
譜例1：
C自然大調(diào)音階：
這樣看來，不管是由什么音開始，只要是主音，（開始的Ⅰ級音）到高八度的主音內(nèi)，第Ⅲ級音到第Ⅳ級音是小二度（半音），第Ⅶ級音到第一級音是小二度（半音），其余幾級相鄰的音都是大二度（全音），只要符合這種結(jié)構(gòu)的音階，都是屬于這同一聲調(diào)式，從D開始做主音的，叫D自然大調(diào)音階，從G開始做主音的叫G自然大調(diào)音階。在調(diào)式音階里，主音（Ⅰ級音）下屬音（Ⅳ級音）和屬音（Ⅴ級音）是非常重要的，因此也稱他們?yōu)椤罢艏墶?，（其它ⅡⅢⅥⅦ都稱副音級），在這些音級里ⅠⅢⅤ級音是穩(wěn)定音，其中Ⅰ級音也就是主音最為穩(wěn)定。
下面簡單介紹什么是“和聲大調(diào)”和“旋律大調(diào)”。
和聲大調(diào)：
把自然大調(diào)的第Ⅵ級音降低半個(gè)音，即是“和聲大調(diào)”。
譜例2：
C和聲大調(diào)音階：
?、? Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅰ
主音 上主音 中音 下屬音 屬音 下中音 導(dǎo)音 主音
旋律大調(diào)：把自然大調(diào)的第Ⅵ級，第Ⅶ級音都降低半個(gè)音，這就叫做“旋律大調(diào)”。
它的音階結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的。
譜例3：
C旋律大調(diào)音階
?、? Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅰ
主音 上主音 中音 下屬音 屬音 下中音 導(dǎo)音 主音
第二節(jié) 小調(diào)式
小調(diào)式簡稱也叫“小調(diào)”，也可以稱呼“小音階”，同樣也是由七個(gè)音來構(gòu)成的。小調(diào)的主音與Ⅲ級音之間的關(guān)系是小三度，因此小調(diào)的調(diào)性有一種柔和的感覺并帶一些暗淡的色彩。這是小調(diào)的特征。
同大調(diào)一樣，有三種調(diào)式，自然小調(diào)，和聲小調(diào)及旋律小調(diào)。
首先看看自然小調(diào)。
自然小調(diào)與自然大調(diào)一樣，同樣在一個(gè)八度之內(nèi)的每一個(gè)音都可以構(gòu)成自然小調(diào)。
自然小調(diào)是由自然大調(diào)式轉(zhuǎn)化而來的。但它是完全獨(dú)立的調(diào)式，同樣是由七個(gè)音組成，由LA做主音，上面分別是si do re mi Fa so la，它的音程結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的，全音--半音--全音--全音--半音--全音--全音，它的Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅴ級音也都是穩(wěn)定音，但是它的Ⅲ級音到主音，也就是導(dǎo)音到主音不是半音關(guān)系，由此也與大調(diào)有所區(qū)別。
譜例1：
a自然小調(diào)音階
?、? Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅰ
主音 上主音 中音 下屬音 屬音 下中音 導(dǎo)音 主音
和聲小調(diào)：把自然小調(diào)的Ⅶ級音升高半音，叫做“和聲小調(diào)”它的音程結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的。
譜例2：
a和聲小調(diào)
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅰ
主音 上主音 中音 下屬音 屬音 下中音 導(dǎo)音 主音
旋律小調(diào)：把自然小調(diào)的第Ⅵ Ⅶ 級都升高半音，叫做“旋律小調(diào)”它的音程結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的：
譜例3：
a旋律小調(diào)（上行音階）
?、? Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅰ
主音 上主音 中音 下屬音 屬音 下中音 導(dǎo)音 主音
旋律小調(diào)還有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)就是它在下行音階時(shí)第ⅥⅦ級音都要還原。這是它與其它小調(diào)不同的地方。
譜例4
a旋律小調(diào)
第三節(jié) 五聲調(diào)式
五聲調(diào)式是以純五度的音程關(guān)系來排列的，由五個(gè)音所構(gòu)成的調(diào)式，叫作五聲調(diào)式。由于這種調(diào)式是我國特有的，也可以稱為民族調(diào)式。這五個(gè)音的名稱分別是：宮、徴、商、羽、角。
譜例 1
將這五個(gè)音移在一個(gè)八度內(nèi)，它們名稱的順序是：宮、商、角、徴、羽。
譜例 2
五聲調(diào)式有下面幾種：
（一） 以宮音為主音的調(diào)式稱為“宮調(diào)式”。
譜例 3
（二） 以商音為主音的調(diào)式稱為“商調(diào)式”。
譜例 4
（三） 以角音為主音的調(diào)式稱為“角調(diào)式”。
譜例 5
（四） 以徴音為主音的調(diào)式稱為“徴調(diào)式”。
譜例 6
（五） 以羽音為主音的調(diào)式為“羽調(diào)式”。
譜例 7
在五聲音階里，每一個(gè)音都可以成為主音，因此在每個(gè)調(diào)式的前面必須把主音的音高位置標(biāo)出來，比如：以A做主音的宮調(diào)式，稱為“A宮調(diào)”，F(xiàn)做主音的角調(diào)式稱為“F角調(diào)”，D做主音的羽調(diào)式稱為“D羽調(diào)”。
來源于:風(fēng)華藝校
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Ok, i'll increase some point: I am not and also have never been an Anthony Weiner lover. Simply Because trust him on quite a few troubles, his overriding matter often seemed to me for being his personal profession, and, as You will find known in advance of, he is one of the most extremist AIPAC loyalists within the Our elected representatives, which is not a simple variation to attain. This is among the rule, not anyone.
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