解決手指獨(dú)立與平均性問題
而對于解決手指的獨(dú)立與平均,用吉他是最好不過的了。帕格尼尼之所以有神出鬼沒般的小提琴演奏技巧,恐怕與他花工夫練了吉他有關(guān)系。
我20余年探索這個(gè)問題:怎樣用一個(gè)最簡單的方法,解決手指的獨(dú)立與平均的問題,且沒有負(fù)作用?
現(xiàn)在,我可以說這個(gè)問題迄今的我所找到的最佳答案。
首先解決柔韌性的問題。如果您的手指柔韌性難以解決,則說明您練琴已經(jīng)太晚了。除拇指以外,每個(gè)手指的大關(guān)節(jié),應(yīng)當(dāng)能在外力幫助下,能做到與手背垂直。這樣的柔韌性是基本的。柔韌性不好,是演奏的一大障礙。許多小孩有很好的技巧,說明彈琴的阻力主要來自于手本身。試一下:用彈簧稱把一個(gè)手指的指端套住并把這個(gè)伸直的手指拉到與手背垂直,看看彈簧秤的讀數(shù),讀數(shù)越小,說明這個(gè)手指的柔韌性越好,彈琴時(shí)手指的自身阻力越小----練琴的年齡越小,柔韌性越容易保持。
有了基本的柔韌性,再練習(xí)相鄰手指的獨(dú)立平均。獨(dú)立,就是相鄰手指,有能力一個(gè)按壓,而另一個(gè)抬起,反向運(yùn)動,兩組肌肉神經(jīng)互不牽連,完全分開、獨(dú)立。手指按壓與快速抬起,用的是不同的肌肉,因?yàn)椋杭∪獾奶匦允悄苁湛s和放松收縮。收縮給了骨節(jié)以拉力,卻不能給推力。相鄰手指的肌肉神經(jīng)要獨(dú)立,按壓與快速抬起的肌肉要獨(dú)立地發(fā)達(dá)。
要做到這一點(diǎn),可以這樣試練:
(一)左手中指按壓:左手中指按壓吉他的第六弦(也就是最粗的那根弦)的某一品,右手用拇指用力彈響,并一直保持發(fā)音,然后,左手的食指和無名指,再先后撥動一弦(最細(xì)的那根弦)??蓮棾扇淖?,第一拍是左手中指按壓6弦、右手彈響的,這個(gè)音要保持延續(xù)三拍;第二拍是左手食指彎曲撥響的;第三拍是左手無名指撥響的。一定要慢練,就是要彈成慢三拍。然后,再在各把位練習(xí)。
這是練習(xí)中指按壓時(shí),其相鄰的食指與無名指能夠反向高抬。
注意:1、按壓的手指,每個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)都要有一定的彎曲度,每一個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)即不要太伸直,也不要太彎曲,禁止同一個(gè)手指的一個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)很伸直而另一個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)很彎曲的不自然形狀。不要求用指尖按壓琴弦,而是用指肚與指尖之間均可。按壓的手指,應(yīng)與琴品平行。
2、左手撥弦的手指,要求指尖(指甲)要與琴的指板和琴弦都垂直----難度恰在這里----左手撥弦的手指大關(guān)節(jié)幾乎負(fù)彎曲(即向手背方向彎曲),而左手相鄰的按壓手指的大關(guān)節(jié)是正彎曲(即向手心方向彎曲)---相鄰的手指神經(jīng)完全反向用力,促使神經(jīng)分開。
(二)左手無名指按壓:與上相同,只是把上面的中指換成無名指,而把食指換成中指、把無名指換成小指。要求也完全相同。
明顯地,這個(gè)難度有所增加,許多人會覺得相鄰手指的巨大牽連。開始初練時(shí),左手的一個(gè)手指撥弦時(shí),按壓的手指可以稍稍用一點(diǎn)推力,以抵消牽扯。
(三)左手小指按壓:與上道理相同,只是小指的相鄰手指只有無名指一個(gè),且一般小指較短,沒必要按壓第六弦,而須按壓第五弦,然后無名指去撥動一弦。要求與上面的都相同。小指的中關(guān)節(jié)或小關(guān)節(jié)極不容易保持相應(yīng)的弧度,要多加注意。
有了基本的柔韌性,再練習(xí)相鄰手指的獨(dú)立平均。獨(dú)立,就是相鄰手指,有能力一個(gè)按壓,而另一個(gè)抬起,反向運(yùn)動,兩組肌肉神經(jīng)互不牽連,完全分開、獨(dú)立。手指按壓與快速抬起,用的是不同的肌肉,因?yàn)椋杭∪獾奶匦允悄苁湛s和放松收縮。收縮給了骨節(jié)以拉力,卻不能給推力。相鄰手指的肌肉神經(jīng)要獨(dú)立,按壓與快速抬起的肌肉要獨(dú)立地發(fā)達(dá)。
要做到這一點(diǎn),可以這樣試練:
(一)左手中指按壓:左手中指按壓吉他的第六弦(也就是最粗的那根弦)的某一品,右手用拇指用力彈響,并一直保持發(fā)音,然后,左手的食指和無名指,再先后撥動一弦(最細(xì)的那根弦)。可彈成三拍子,第一拍是左手中指按壓6弦、右手彈響的,這個(gè)音要保持延續(xù)三拍;第二拍是左手食指彎曲撥響的;第三拍是左手無名指撥響的。一定要慢練,就是要彈成慢三拍。然后,再在各把位練習(xí)。
這是練習(xí)中指按壓時(shí),其相鄰的食指與無名指能夠反向高抬。
注意:
1、按壓的手指,每個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)都要有一定的彎曲度,每一個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)即不要太伸直,也不要太彎曲,禁止同一個(gè)手指的一個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)很伸直而另一個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)很彎曲的不自然形狀。不要求用指尖按壓琴弦,而是用指肚與指尖之間均可。按壓的手指,應(yīng)與琴品平行。
2、左手撥弦的手指,要求指尖(指甲)要與琴的指板和琴弦都垂直----難度恰在這里----左手撥弦的手指大關(guān)節(jié)幾乎負(fù)彎曲(即向手背方向彎曲),而左手相鄰的按壓手指的大關(guān)節(jié)是正彎曲(即向手心方向彎曲)---相鄰的手指神經(jīng)完全反向用力,促使神經(jīng)分開。
(二)左手無名指按壓:與上相同,只是把上面的中指換成無名指,而把食指換成中指、把無名指換成小指。要求也完全相同。明顯地,這個(gè)難度有所增加,許多人會覺得相鄰手指的巨大牽連。開始初練時(shí),左手的一個(gè)手指撥弦時(shí),按壓的手指可以稍稍用一點(diǎn)推力,以抵消牽扯。
(三)左手小指按壓:與上道理相同,只是小指的相鄰手指只有無名指一個(gè),且一般小指較短,沒必要按壓第六弦,而須按壓第五弦,然后無名指去撥動一弦。要求與上面的都相同。小指的中關(guān)節(jié)或小關(guān)節(jié)極不容易保持相應(yīng)的弧度,要多加注意。對于這樣大的跨度,許多初練者覺得難度太大的話,可以先按壓更接近一弦的弦,等練好后再逐漸遠(yuǎn)離一弦按壓。
對于這樣大的跨度,許多初練者覺得難度太大的話,可以先按壓更接近一弦的弦,等練好后再逐漸遠(yuǎn)離一弦按壓。
練琴時(shí)間:這個(gè)練習(xí)的爭對性很強(qiáng),效率很高,可以大大縮短純機(jī)械技巧的練琴時(shí)間。一天集中精力練15分鐘,幾天就可明顯見效。一般地,無名指按壓的練習(xí)時(shí)間要多于中指按壓的練習(xí)時(shí)間,而小指按壓的練習(xí)則需要更多的時(shí)間----以增強(qiáng)弱手指按壓的力量,使各手指的按壓力量盡量平均化。
右手:上述練習(xí),一樣適用于右手。把吉他反抱,右手按壓指板、按弦、撥弦,指型、動作、練法與上面的左手要求完全一樣(只是實(shí)際發(fā)音不同,右手按壓的手指按壓的是高音弦,而右手撥弦的手指撥的是最低音的那根弦)。許多吉他手彈琴,右手觸弦沒有按、繃弦的能力,音色音量首影響,這個(gè)反練吉他的練習(xí),可以很好地解決這個(gè)問題:右手的指力、獨(dú)立性、按壓繃弦的習(xí)慣、相鄰手指的神經(jīng)分離等等,都有莫大的好處,而且效率極高,幾乎有立桿見影的奇效。
另外,如果彈鋼琴,只彈吉他,就用不著練右手的小指按壓。
正式曲目的指法編排中,除了考慮音樂需要,一般也要考慮平均地使用各手指,使各手指的點(diǎn)擊率不要相差太大,否則影響各手指的力量平均。
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